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per il pero suggeriamo il cotogno BA29 per i terreni più incoerenti (i più sciolti e i più compatti) con sesti d’impianto 3,5 x 1 m.: mentre per le condizioni migliori con terreni di medio impasto e regolari, con minime termiche non troppo pesanti si potrà impiegare il cotogno MC con sesti d’impianto 3,5 x 0,4 m con forme di allevamento libere (fusetto, cordone verticale).
Per il melo la scelta cade su EM9 clone T337 con sesti di 3,5 x 1 m con forme di allevamento tipo fusetto.
Per il pesco e susino si impiega un portinnesto rustico e resistente come MISSOURI.
Per il ciliegio si ottengono buoni risultati con il portinnesto MAHALEB e GISELA 5-6.
Infine per quanto riguarda la consulenza sia in fase di realizzazione, sia nel corso della gestione degli impianti l’azienda e organizzata in modo tale da poter seguire le varie fasi d’impianto; necessariamente prima si renderà opportuno effettuare le analisi dei terreni sui quali si intendono realizzare gli impianti.
If the PEAR TREE is considered the priority species, cultivars that are normally more productive should be chosen, such as Abate Fetel and Conference.
The APPLE TREE has a wider range of varieties and any decision should take account of organisational needs in harvesting. A good choice for summer harvesting is the Schniga clone of the Gala (productive, stores well in refrigerator); for autumn harvests the choice would be Golden B for a yellow and Red Chief or Red Cap (Red Delicious group) for a red, whereas for late harvesting a good choice would be Granny Smith (the classic green apple, also an excellent pollinator) and, inevitably, Fuji Kiku (noted for the crispy texture and sweetness of its pulp and its excellent refrigerator storage qualities).
As regards the PEACH TREE, a distinction has to be made between peaches and nectarines. As for the former, any of the classic varieties can be chosen, such as Redhaven, Glohaven, Fayette, Suncrest, Maria Bianca or Maria Delizia; as for nectarines, Stark Red Gold and Fairlane are recommended.
There are a number of productive varieties of PLUM TREE to choose from, well known on all markets: Black Star, Fortune, Angeleno and Stanley.
There are a number of varieties of CHERRY TREE to choose from, such as Burlat, Moreau, Giorgia, Celeste, Big Lory and Kordia.
Decisions about rootstock and plant spacings can be approached in the following way:for the pear we suggest the quince BA29 for more unconsolidated soils (i.e. looser or more compact) with a plant spacing of 3.5 x 1 m, whereas in better conditions with medium-texture and standard soils and not too severe minimum temperatures, the quince MC can be used with a plant spacing of 3.5 x 0.4 m with free plantation systems (free spindle, vertical cordon).
For the apple, the choice would be the M9 clone T337 with a spacing of 3,5 x 1 m with free spindle plantation systems.
For the peach and plum, a rustic, hardy rootstock such as MISSOURI should be used.
For the cherry, good results can be obtained with the MAHALEB and GISELA 5-6 rootstock.
Organic fertilizing is repeated every 3-4 years with the spreading of mature manure or other organic fertilizers along the rows and ploughing in with standard methods.
Annual chemical fertilization can be 60-100 units of N, depending on whether there is grass regeneration, 40-60 units of P2O5 and 100-150 units of K2O .
Both simple and complex fertilizers can be used, with the actual choice depending on cost and practical application questions. If the elements are spread simultaneously, complex fertilizers are better, as this will save time and avoid having to pass over the ground repeatedly.
The main aims of pruning are as follows:
- to ensure the rapid maturing of the tree to full fruit-bearing capacity
- to facilitate mechanised care and cultivation of the trees
- to allow most of the pruning and harvesting to be done from ground level.
Plant spacing can vary greatly and depends on the kind of soil, the cultivar, the rootstock, etc. Modern orchards tend to use high densities, with spacings such as 3.5 m x 0.8-0.3m and densities ranging from 3,500 to 9,500 plants/ha.
The main elements of the support system are:
poles
wires and wire tensioners
anchors, collars, pole-rests and pole caps.
The most frequently used concrete poles are made of vibrated and pre-compressed reinforced concrete. These are stronger, longer-lasting and cheaper than wooden poles, but heavier.
The most commonly used wire is made of galvanized iron with a tensile strength of 40 kg/mm. Plastic coated wire is also used. The plastic coating protects the wire from rust, increases its life and doesn't dirty the fruit it comes into contact with. Plastic coated wire is 10-20% more expensive than galvanized wire of the same gauge, but lasts longer. Stainless steel wire of diameter 1.2-3.5 mm is used for the trellis because of its longer life, even though it costs 20-30 % more than galvanized wire. The different types of wire last the following number of years:
- galvanized iron wire 15 years.
- plastic coated iron wire 20 years.
- stainless steel wire over 25 years.
The other support system components are:
- the pole bases, that stop the poles sinking into the ground
- the anchors, made of concrete or iron, to anchor the support system firmly to the ground and stop it blowing over in storms.
manure 500q / ha;
phosphorous 100-200 fertilizer units / ha
potassium 100-200 fertilizer units / ha.
As there are many areas where manure is not available, it can be replaced with sewage sludge, solid urban waste or other organic material.
Virus-free Certification
The evolution of modern fruit farming has led to considerable changes in the production and multiplication of fruit bearing plants, from both the regulatory and technical-economic points of view.
The quality of the nursery product is a determining factor in the creation of a competitive and highly productive orchard.
The development of the plants, the characteristics of the secondary branching and the quality of the union at the graft point are important parameters for judging the the quality of the nursery orchard product. Other factors to be considered very carefully include the healthiness of the propagation material, the certainty of the varietal identity, the control of the supply sources and the commercial potential of the reproduced clone.
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